Glucose is the preferred carbon source for most cells. However, cells may encounter other carbon sources that can be utilized. How cells match their metabolic gene expression to their carbon source, beyond a general glucose repressive system (catabolite repression), remains little understood. By studying the effect of up to seven different carbon sources on Snf1 phosphorylation and on the expression of downstream regulated genes, we searched for the mechanism that identifies carbon sources. We found that the glycolysis metabolites glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and glucose-1-phosphate (G1P) play a central role in the adaptation of gene expression to different carbon sources. The ratio of G1P and G6P activates analogue calcium signaling via the proton-exporter Pma1 to regulate downstream genes. The signaling pathway bifurcates with calcineurin-reducing ADH2 (alcohol dehydrogenase) expression and with Cmk1-increasing ZWF1 (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) expression. Furthermore, calcium signaling is not only regulated by the present carbon source; it is also regulated by past carbon sources. We were able to manipulate this ionic memory mechanism to obtain high expression of ZWF1 in media containing galactose. Our findings provide a universal mechanism by which cells respond to all carbon sources.
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene/Complex | Systematic Name/Complex Accession | Qualifier | Gene Ontology Term ID | Gene Ontology Term | Aspect | Annotation Extension | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Phenotype | Experiment Type | Experiment Type Category | Mutant Information | Strain Background | Chemical | Details | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Gene | Gene Systematic Name | Disease Ontology Term | Disease Ontology Term ID | Qualifier | Evidence | Method | Source | Assigned On | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Regulator | Regulator Systematic Name | Target | Target Systematic Name | Direction | Regulation of | Happens During | Regulator Type | Direction | Regulation Of | Happens During | Method | Evidence | Strain Background | Reference |
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| Site | Modification | Modifier | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Allele | Assay | Annotation | Action | Phenotype | SGA score | P-value | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Interactor | Interactor Systematic Name | Assay | Annotation | Action | Modification | Source | Reference | Note |
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| Complement ID | Locus ID | Gene | Species | Gene ID | Strain background | Direction | Details | Source | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | Dataset | Description | Keywords | Number of Conditions | Reference |
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| Evidence ID | Analyze ID | File | Description |
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